[136] Although the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30 percent of the city's population, it occupied only 2.4 percent of its area,[137] averaging over nine people per room. Red signified a political prisoner, Jehovah's Witnesses had purple triangles, "asocials" and criminals wore black and green, and gay men wore pink. [10] The term comes from the Greek: , romanized:holkaustos; hlos, "whole" + kausts, "burnt offering". [319] At least 1.4million of these were in the General Government area of Poland. WebHow many people died during the Holocaust? [240][241] Romania was the second country in Europe after Germany to enact antisemitic legislation, and the only one besides Germany to do so before the 1938 Anschluss. [83] T4 was mainly directed at adults, but the euthanasia of children was also carried out. [259] According to Stone, "the Holocaust in Slovakia was far more than a German project, even if it was carried out in the context of a 'puppet' state. [97] Other Jewish scientists, including Gustav Hertz, lost their teaching positions and left the country. [p] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a "subset" of these activities. There was discussion about whether to include the German Mischlinge (half-Jews). Najprsnejie rasov zkony na idov s slovensk". It deported 7,500 Jews in 1938 on its own initiative; introduced anti-Jewish measures in 1940; and by the autumn of 1942 had deported around 60,000 Jews to Poland. People are shot by firing squads, killed by an "air hammer" /Hammerluft/, and poisoned by gas in special gas chambers. The fighting Jews have won for us what is most important: the truth about the weakness of the Germans. WebIt is believed that around 5.9 million Jews were killed or died during the Holocaust, making up around a two-thirds of all of those in Europe. Although other European countriesBulgaria, Independent State of Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, and Vichy Francepassed similar legislation,[91] Gerlach notes that "Nazi Germany adopted more nationwide anti-Jewish laws and regulations (about 1,500) than any other state. [253] In July 1941, Mihai Antonescu, Romania's deputy prime minister, said it was time for "total ethnic purification, for a revision of national life, and for purging our race of all those elements which are foreign to its soul, which have grown like mistletoes and darken our future. [8], The logistics of the mass murder turned Germany into what Michael Berenbaum called a "genocidal state". Enemies were divided into three groups: the "racial" or "blood" enemies, such as the Jews and Roma; political opponents of Nazism, such as Marxists, liberals, Christians, and the "reactionaries" viewed as wayward "national comrades"; and moral opponents, such as gay men, the work-shy, and habitual criminals. [395] The British thwarted the proposal by leaking it. [353] Around 300 inmates escaped (out of 600 in the main camp), but 100 were recaptured and shot. [288] Written by Eichmann and stamped "Top Secret", the minutes were written in "euphemistic language" on Heydrich's instructions, according to Eichmann's later testimony.[289]. [172], In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. [463][464][465] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were [419] According to Yad Vashem, "[a]ll the serious research" confirms that between five and six million Jews were murdered. In both cases a relatively small portion out of a Jewish population of 37,000. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. The third method, the gas chamber, is employed for those who are ill or incapable of work and those who have been brought in transports especially for the purpose /Soviet prisoners of war, and, recently Jews/. [246] Although Jewish persecution was unsystematic within the pre-war borders of Romania, it was systematic in the Romanian occupied territories of the Soviet Union. They also included five million of people who were not Jewish, mainly Poles, Sinti and [199] The war was driven by the need for resources, including, according to David Cesarani, agricultural land to feed Germany, natural resources for German industry, and control over Europe's largest oil fields. [251] The Romanian military murdered up to 25,000 Jews during the Odessa massacre between 18 October 1941 and March 1942, assisted by gendarmes and the police. [187][188][189], In the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), the Nazi regime demanded that its rulers, the Ustae, adopt antisemitic racial policies, persecute Jews and set up several concentration camps. Universities dismissed Jewish faculty and students. [460] In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. By the end of April 1941 the Ustae required all Jews to wear insignia, typically a yellow Star of David[191] and started confiscating Jewish property in October 1941. [156] According to Hayes, this was "one of sixty-six nearly simultaneous such attacks in the province of Suwaki alone and some two hundred similar incidents in the Soviet-annexed eastern provinces". [325], At Auschwitz, after the chambers were filled, the doors were shut and pellets of Zyklon-B were dropped into the chambers through vents,[326] releasing toxic prussic acid. Between November 1933 and December 1939, the agreement resulted in the emigration of about 53,000 German Jews, who were allowed to transfer RM100million of their assets to Palestine by buying German goods, in violation of the Jewish-led anti-Nazi boycott of 1933. [267] The first group of 1,034 Jews arrived from Rome on 23 October 1943; 839 were murdered by gas. [141] A perception among ethnic Poles that the Jews had supported the Soviet invasion[142] contributed to existing antisemitism,[143] which Germany exploited, redistributing Jewish homes and goods, and converting synagogues, schools and hospitals in Jewish areas into facilities for non-Jews. The Holocaust: Facts and Figures. the Ustashe of Croatia), or forced others into participation. [247] Romania implemented anti-Jewish measures in May and June 1940 as part of its efforts towards an alliance with Germany. [61] One of the first, at Dachau, opened on 22 March 1933. In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. [b] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe;[c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. [377], Sprawozdanie 6/42 had reached London by 12 November 1942, where it was translated into English to become part of a 108-page report, "Report on Conditions in Poland", on which the date 27 November 1942 was handwritten. The following day, the United States declared war on Japan, and on 11 December, Germany declared war on the United States. [369] This was in large measure thanks to Captain Witold Pilecki of the Polish Home Army, who was sent to the camp in September 1940 after allowing himself to be arrested in Warsaw. [388] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[389] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations.[390]. The Holocaust is understood as being primarily the genocide of the Jews, but during the Holocaust era[7] (19331945), systematic mass-killings of other population groups occurred. We cannot use them in the Ostland or the Reichskommissariat either; liquidate them yourselves!" Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor on 30 January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed "undesirable", starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933. [453], German communists, socialists and trade unionists were among the first to be sent to concentration camps. Later, all Poles will disappear from this world. [15] In 1968 the Library of Congress created a new category, "Holocaust, Jewish (19391945)". Consequently, the Danish government stayed in power and the Germans found it easier to work through it. The Times called it "a new level of fantasy and self-deception". [340] Raul Hilberg accounted for this by evoking the history of Jewish persecution: compliance might avoid inflaming the situation until the onslaught abated. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoldsteinGoldstein2016 (. [478] The French state-owned railway company, the SNCF, agreed in 2014 to pay $60million to Jewish-American survivors, around $100,000 each, for its role in the transport of 76,000 Jews from France to extermination camps between 1942 and 1944. [9] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Jews. [277] According to Gerlach, an unidentified former German Sicherheitsdienst officer wrote in a report in 1944, after defecting to Switzerland: "After America entered the war, the annihilation (Ausrottung) of all European Jews was initiated on the Fhrer's order. The occupied regions were under the control of a military governor, and there, anti-Jewish measures were not enacted as quickly as they were in the Vichy-controlled areas. Gentlemen, I must ask you, arm yourselves against any thoughts of compassion. [98], On 12 March 1938, Germany annexed Austria. In Berlin we were told "Why all this trouble? [256] It annexed Thrace and Macedonia, and in February 1943 agreed to a demand from Germany that it deport 20,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. [436] While the long-term goal of Nazi Germany was removal of Jews from occupied Poland, in the initial months of occupation the SS predominantly directed physical violence towards ethnic Poles, arresting and executing educated elites in an attempt to prevent the development of organized resistance. In Western Europe, he writes, Jewish communities failed to piece the information together, while in Eastern Europe they could not accept that the stories they had heard from elsewhere would end up applying to them too. "[89], On 15 September 1935, the Reichstag passed the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, known as the Nuremberg Laws. [177] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. [405] Buchenwald was liberated by the Americans on 11 April;[406] Bergen-Belsen by the British on 15 April;[407] Dachau by the Americans on 29 April;[408] Ravensbrck by the Soviets on 30 April;[409] and Mauthausen by the Americans on 5 May. [271], On 7 December 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor, an American naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii, killing 2,403 Americans. [112] Attacks took place in Austria too. [424], The Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen (non-Aryan inferior people). WebAnd a similar share (45%) know that approximately 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. [132] These orders included, from 1942, facilitating deportations to extermination camps. [110] At least 90 Jews were murdered. About six million were murdered. [227] After war broke out in 1939, new camps were established, many outside Germany in occupied Europe. [252] Within the city of Odessa, Jews were segregated to ghettos where they were later deported en masse, with the majority dying from disease, hunger and murder. [116] German Jewry was held collectively responsible for restitution of the damage; they also had to pay an "atonement tax" of over a billion Reichsmark. Of these deportees, approximately 1.1 million [1] Later research cited by Ian Hancock estimated the death toll to be at about 1.5 million out of an estimated 2 million Roma. On that day, Hitler gave a speech in his apartment at the Reich Chancellery to senior Nazi Party leaders: the Reichsleiter and the Gauleiter. [345] Polish and Jewish accounts stated that hundreds or thousands of Germans had been killed,[346] while the Germans reported 16 dead. Winston Churchill received it, and Anthony Eden presented it to the British cabinet. [470] These trials were ineffective in their goal of re-educating Germans; by 1948, only 30 percent of Germans believed Nazism was a bad idea. Nearly three-in-ten Americans say they are not sure how many Jews died [194], The state broke away from Nazi antisemitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship, and thus freedom from persecution, to Jews who were willing to contribute to the "Croat cause". [362] One of the famous Jewish groups was the Bielski partisans in Belarus, led by the Bielski brothers. According to Joseph Goebbels' diary, Hitler decided that the police should be withdrawn: "For once the Jews should feel the rage of the people," Goebbels reported him as saying. A range of methods were used, with [105], On 7 November 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a Polish Jew, shot the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in the German Embassy in Paris, in retaliation for the expulsion of his parents and siblings from Germany. Known as Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"), the pogrom on 910 November 1938 saw over 7,500 Jewish shops (out of 9,000) looted and attacked, and over 1,000 synagogues damaged or destroyed. The German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: "I accepted these brains of course. Between the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 and the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Nazi Germany and its accomplices strove to murder every Jew under their domination. ", "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War", "Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe", "The trial of German major war criminals: proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany", "What was the Warsaw Uprising? The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. [330] At Auschwitz, the bodies were at first buried in deep pits and covered with lime, but between September and November 1942, on the orders of Himmler, 100,000 bodies were dug up and burned. WebSix million Jewish people died in the Holocaust - the Nazi campaign to eradicate Europe's Jewish population. [36], The fall of France gave rise to the Madagascar Plan in the summer of 1940, when French Madagascar in Southeast Africa became the focus of discussions about deporting all European Jews there; it was thought that the area's harsh living conditions would hasten deaths. [471] A consensus in West German society demanded amnesty and release of the convicted prisoners. [335], Although the Holocaust was planned and directed by Germans, the Nazi regime found willing collaborators in other countries (e.g. [482] In popular culture, Hitler is a hegemonic historical analogy for evil[483] and Nazi comparisons are common. [351] In the Biaystok Ghetto on 16 August, Jewish insurgents fought for five days when the Germans announced mass deportations. [103] In August that year, Adolf Eichmann was appointed manager (under Franz Walter Stahlecker) of the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna (Zentralstelle fr jdische Auswanderung in Wien). [144] By the end of 1942, most of the Jews in the General Government area were dead. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. [468], During the International Military Tribunal, 21 Nazi leaders were tried, primarily for waging wars of aggression, but the trial also exposed the systematic murder of European Jews. [77][78] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized". [228] Most wartime prisoners of the camps were not Germans but belonged to countries under German occupation. An inmate until he escaped in April 1943, his mission was to set up a resistance movement (ZOW), prepare to take over the camp, and smuggle out information.[370]. The British government's view was that the Hungarian people's antisemitism would make them distrust the Allies if Allied broadcasts focused on the Jews. [281], SS-Obergruppenfhrer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Reich Security Head Office (RSHA), convened what became known as the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 at Am Groen Wannsee 5658, a villa in Berlin's Wannsee suburb. [230] The Germans estimated the average prisoner's lifespan in a concentration camp at three months, as a result of lack of food and clothing, constant epidemics, and frequent punishments for the most minor transgressions. According to Dan Stone, only nine survived the war. [79] There were 84,525 applications from doctors in the first year. In February 1941, non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly crushed. By the end of the war, they had killed around two million, including about 1.3million Jews and up to a quarter of a million Roma. [398][399] In January 1945, the Germans held records of 714,000 inmates in concentration camps; by May, 250,000 (35 percent) had died during these marches. The commandos described them as "Bolshevist functionaries" and similar. [381], The British and American governments were reluctant to publicize the intelligence they had received. [466], There were 5,00025,000 Afro-Germans in Germany when the Nazis came to power. They included the head of the German Red Cross, tenured professors, clinic directors, and biomedical researchers. 16 was found by American prosecutors in March 1947 in a German Foreign Office folder. [272] According to Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Hitler had trusted American Jews, whom he assumed were all-powerful, to keep the United States out of the war in the interests of German Jews. Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was classified as a Jew. "[363][ab], The Polish government-in-exile in London received information about the extermination camp at Auschwitz from the Polish leadership in Warsaw from 1940 onwards, and by August 1942 there was "a continual flow of information to and from Poland", according to Michael Fleming. Michael Gray, a specialist in Holocaust education. [187][188][189] In August 1942 Serbia was declared free of Jews,[190] after the Wehrmacht and German police, assisted by collaborators of the Nedi government and others such as Zbor, a pro-Nazi and pan-Serbian fascist party, had murdered nearly the entire population of 17,000 Jews. [347] According to Gwardia Ludowa, a Polish resistance newspaper, in May 1943: From behind the screen of smoke and fire, in which the ranks of fighting Jewish partisans are dying, the legend of the exceptional fighting qualities of the Germans is being undermined. [443] Others died in massacres or in revolts such as the Warsaw Uprising, where 150,000200,000 were killed. [5] After the passing of the Enabling Act on 24 March,[6] which gave Hitler dictatorial plenary powers, the government began isolating Jews from civil society; this included boycotting Jewish businesses in April 1933 and enacting the Nuremberg Laws in September 1935. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. Knowlton, James and Cates, Truett (translators, 1993). [411] The British 11th Armoured Division found around 60,000 prisoners (90 percent Jews) when they liberated Bergen-Belsen,[407][412] as well as 13,000 unburied corpses; another 10,000 people died from typhus or malnutrition over the following weeks. [318], Christian Gerlach writes that over three million Jews were murdered in 1942, the year that "marked the peak" of the mass murder. Germany had over 500,000. [403] On 17 January 1945, 58,000 Auschwitz inmates were sent on a death march westwards;[404] when the camp was liberated by the Soviets on 27 January, they found just 7,000 inmates in the three main camps and 500 in subcamps. [221][q] According to Browning, writing in 2004, most historians say there was no order, before the invasion of the Soviet Union, to kill all the Soviet Jews. [4] By the spring or summer of 1942, gas chambers had been installed in these new facilities, except for Chemno, which used gas vans. WebOn the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there. WebThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3 million of 5.7 million Soviet POWs died in German custody. [213] In the Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre (Soviet Ukraine), nearly 24,000 Jews were killed between 27 and 30 August 1941. [257], Stone writes that Slovakia, led by Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso (president of the Slovak State, 19391945), was "one of the most loyal of the collaborationist regimes". [54] Central to Hitler's world view was the idea of expansion and Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for German Aryans, a policy of what Doris Bergen called "race and space". Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). [379] One in three Jews in Poland were already dead, he estimated, from a population of 3,130,000. Many men and women were also involuntarily sterilized. [479][480], Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, 2016. [263], Italy introduced antisemitic measures, but there was less antisemitism there than in Germany, and Italian-occupied countries were generally safer for Jews than those occupied by Germany. [125], The Wehrmacht in Poland was accompanied by seven SS Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolitizei ("special task forces of the Security Police") and an Einsatzkommando, numbering 3,000 men in all, whose role was to deal with "all anti-German elements in hostile country behind the troops in combat". [38] Bureaucrats identified who was a Jew, confiscated property, and scheduled trains to deport them. [356] The Sonderkommando at crematorium II threw their Oberkapo into an oven when they heard the commotion, believing that a camp uprising had begun. The rest of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939. When [440][441] An estimated 1.81.9million non-Jewish Polish citizens were killed by Germans during the war. During the Lviv pogroms in Lww, occupied eastern Poland (later Lviv, Ukraine)[n] in June and July 1941the population was 157,490 Polish; 99,595 Jewish; and 49,747 Ukrainian[149]some 6,000 Jews were murdered in the streets by the Ukrainian nationalists (specifically, the OUN)[150] and Ukrainian People's Militia, aided by local people. Antisemitic legislation in Romania was usually aimed at exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as in Germany. "[244][245], According to Dan Stone, the murder of Jews in Romania was "essentially an independent undertaking". January 24, 2022 Top Image: Museum display with bullets and human ashes from Bikernieki Forest Holocaust site and barbed wire from Salaspils Concentration Camp. It is imperative that the great German nation consider the elimination of all Polish people as its chief task. [135] The inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce. These included Roma, Poles, Ukrainians, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, and other targeted populations. [67] On 7 April 1933, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed, which excluded Jews and other "non-Aryans" from the civil service. "[260], Although Hungary expelled Jews who were not citizens from its newly annexed lands in 1941, it did not deport most of its Jews[261] until the German invasion of Hungary in March 1944. [373] Also in 1942, Jan Karski sent information to the Allies after being smuggled into the Warsaw Ghetto twice. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. The segregation of Jews in ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior government officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. [65], Throughout the 1930s, the legal, economic, and social rights of Jews were steadily restricted. Sexual relationships between them were also criminalized; Jews were not allowed to employ German women under the age of 45 in their homes. [162] Gas chambers had been installed by the spring or summer of 1942. Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. [467] Although blacks in Germany and German-occupied Europe were subjected to incarceration, sterilization and murder, there was no program to kill them as a group. Israelis were divided about the idea of taking money from Germany. [134] In the ghettos and forced-labor camps, at least half a million died of starvation, disease, and poor living conditions. [59], Before and after the March 1933 Reichstag elections, the Nazis intensified their campaign of violence against opponents,[60] setting up concentration camps for extrajudicial imprisonment. [320] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. [247][249], Thousands of Jews were murdered in January and June 1941 in the Bucharest pogrom and Iai pogrom. [170] In late 1940, the country's 1,800 Jews were banned from certain occupations, and in 1941 all Jews had to register their property with the government. [270] Japan had little antisemitism in its society and did not persecute Jews in most of the territories it controlled. [323] At Auschwitz, about 20 percent of Jews were selected to work. [76] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. [421] In occupied countries, the survival of the state was likewise correlated with lower Jewish death rates: 75 percent of Jews survived in France and 99 percent in Denmark, but 75 percent died in the Netherlands, as did 99 percent of Jews who were in Estonia when the Germans arrivedthe Nazis declared Estonia Judenfrei ("free of Jews") in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference. [393] Between 15 May and 9 July, 440,000 Jews were deported from Hungary to Auschwitz II-Birkenau, almost all sent directly to the gas chambers. [121][l] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. [209] Each Einsatzgruppe numbered around 6001,000 men, with a few women in administrative roles. [148], Pogroms occurred throughout the occupation. Percent of Jews were killed in the Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre ( Soviet Ukraine,!, from 1942, most of the practical execution of the camps were not Germans but belonged to under... From this world invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and Anthony Eden presented it to the murdered of... To include the German occupation 148 ], Pogroms occurred Throughout the occupation Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates 3.3... 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[ 395 ] the British cabinet webthe United States declared war on Japan and!