With regional developments in India and gradually elsewhere, first in tropical r Lak and Southeast Asia and later in high-altitude Northwest India, disputes over points of doctrine and monastic discipline arose. For instance, Buddhist monasteries started to set up along the developing trade routes, such as the road that was connecting, Moreover, these commercials exchanges contributed also to the improvement of the Buddhist monks situation. Indeed, in addition to places for meditation and worship, monasteries were centers for the study and practice of medicine, for writing and building library collections, for Buddhist arts, for adjudicating community disputes, and in general for serving the needs of host communities. 178p. 1997 71-78 Hamilton Asia NB1015 .S36 1997, Pou, Saveros (1998), Ancient Cambodia's epigraphy: the concept of merit-making and merit-offering In: Manguin, Pierre-Yves, ed. 109-119 Hamilton Asia BQ6343.B67 B37, Brown, I.E.M. 252p. 253p. Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement. (1960), Buddhism and socialism in Japan and Burma, The Hague : Mouton Hamilton HX395.B8 T58, Tun, K.T. For the Sake of the World: The Spirit of Buddhist and Christian Monasticism. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1995. (1941), Sri Vijaya, Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient (Paris) 40, no.2 : 239-313, O'Brien, K.P. In the Mahayana tradition, the emphasis is less on nirvana and more on knowledge or wisdom, the mastery of which constitutes awakening. (Religion, history, and culture.) 1993 79-92 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .B834 1993, Johnson, W.J. New Delhi: S. Chand, 1983. Cao Dai survives at its monastery-fortress headquarters at Tay Ninh northwest of Ho Chi Minh City. Although celibacy is postulated for the Buddhist clergy everywhere, there have always been notable exceptions. . Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 1990. New York: St. Martin's Press; Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2000. viii, 346p. Ethnic minoritiessuch as the Chin, Kachin, Karin, and Rohingyainclude significant populations of Christians and Muslims. Even after the Chinese had been driven back, a Chinese-like bureaucracy closely supervised the Vietnamese monasteries. (1990) Agama Buddha Maitreya: a modern Buddhist sect in Indonesia, In: Tan, Chee Beng, ed. 2v. of plates. According to Buddhist doctrine, to be rid of the bonds of habitual thought and behavior is a happy and pleasing thing; monastic life is not supposed to be oppressive or restrictive. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). London, 19381966. 1998 273-295 Hamilton Asia Folio DS523 .E89 1996, Yang Sam (1987), Khmer Buddhism and politics from 1954 to 1984 / Newington, CT : Khmer Studies Institute, Hamilton Asia BQ466 .Y36 1987, Yi Thon (1998), The role of Buddhist wats and NGOs in environmental preservation in Cambodia In: Gyallay-Pap, Peter; Bottomley, Ruth, eds. 253p. . Hamilton Asia BQ410. Encyclopedia.com. 188p. 161-169 Hamilton Asia BQ5400 .B84 1994, Chatsumarn Kabilsingh (1998), Buddhism and nature conservation, Bangkok, Thailand : Thammasat University Press, Hamilton Asia BQ4570 .N3 C43 1998, Christie, Anthony H. (1989), Buddhism in Southeast Asia: an anecdotal survey, In: Skorupski, Tadeusz, ed. Diverse items of Indian origin with Buddhist features were also found in mainland and peninsular Southeast Asian regions such as precious stones and glass beads, inscribed carnelian and terracotta seals, ivory objects and pottery. Encyclopedia of Religion. The Sthaviras evidently saw a need to expand the Vinaya to meet changing conditions. During the division of India into small kingdoms in the Pla era (6501250), Buddhist monasteries consolidated into larger monastic institutions because of a lack of pan-Indian institutionalized support structures and because of the destruction of major Gupta monastic centers by invading armies. *Sri Lanka was not ruled as a unified island. Texts and contexts: interactions between literature and culture in Southeast Asia. However, it is also true that women in Asian Buddhist cultures had extensive and important roles in local communities in addition to positive, historical human and divine role models. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. On a very basic level it is a burial mound for the Buddha. Starting shortly after the. The Golden Yoke: The Legal Cosmology of Buddhist Tibet. Monasteries spread with official support in Mgadha, Bihar, r Lak, and Southeast Asia in the early years after Buddha's death. The Southeast Asian kingdom has some 40,000 Buddhist temples and almost 300,000 monks. In spite of the injunctions against individual monks owning money, the monastic literature allows the collective ownership of donated and community wealth. Santi Asoke, a lay-oriented group that advocates stringent discipline, moral rectitude, and political reform, has been very much at odds with the established ecclesiastical hierarchy. 253p. 566p. (1975), A metal mould for the manufacture of clay Buddhist Votive stupas, Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Singapore) 48, pt.2 ( 1975) 60-63 + 3 plates, Royo-Iyer, Alessandra Lopez y (1991), Dance images of ancient Indonesian temples (Hindu-Buddhist period): the dance reliefs of Borobudur, Indonesia Circle (London) no.56 (Nov 1991) 3-23, Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan (1977-78) The philosophical matrix and content of the Vajrayana system as practised by the Sailendra-rulers of Central Java (c. 775-856 A.D.): a search for its origin (a literary and inscriptional approach), Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (Pune, India) 58-59 : 921-938, Snellgrove, David L. (1996) Borobudar: stupa or mandala?, East and West (Rome) 46, nos.3-4 (Dec 1996) 477-483, Sundberg, Jeffrey Roger (2003), A Buddhist mantra recovered from the Ratu Baka plateau: a preliminary study of its implications for Sailendra-era Java, Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Leiden) 159, no.1 : 163-188, Woodward, Hiram W., Jr. (1981), Borobudur and the mirrorlike mind, Archaeology (New York) 34, no.6 (Nov-Dec 1981) 40-47, INDONESIA: BOOKS OR BOOK CHAPTERSBernet Kempers, A.J. Yangon: Universities Historical Research Centre, 1996. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Daoism, an ancient Chinese religion (with later Buddhist influences) that inspired some emulation in Japan and Korea, holds a middling position with respect to monastic ventures, lying somewhere between the powerfully antimonastic Confucian schools that always represented the official culture and mainstream of sophisticated Chinese opinion and the radically monastic Buddhists. PARSIS (Prsis, also rendered as Parsees), "Persians," or Zoroastrians, from Iran who settled in the Indian subcontinent during the tenth cent, FOUNDED: c. 1050256 b.c.e. S93, Swearer, Donald K.(1989), Buddhism in Southeast Asia, In: Kitagawa, Joseph M., ed. Wealthy persons often willed their properties to monasteries or individual monks further increasing monastic holdings. W67World of Music Hamilton Pacific ML1 .W596. 1990 v.2, 539-542, Hamilton Asia DS423 .R47 1990, Suryadinata, Leo (1998) State and minority religions in contemporary Indonesia: recent government policy towards Confucianism, Tridharma and Buddhism / In Tsuneo Ayabe (ed) Nation-state, identity, and religion in Southeast Asia / Singapore : Singapore Society of Asian Studies Hamilton Asia BL65 .S8 N368 1998, Taylor, James (1998), The changing politico-religious landscape in modernizing Thailand : Buddhist monasticism, the state, and emergent religious hybridities, In Oh Myung-Seok, Kim Hyung-Jun (eds.) 487-518, 9p. The main point is that, as Buddhist monasticism developed, there were disruptive forces in the community. Contemporary Laos: studies in the politics and society of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. (1993), Buddhist trends in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 188 p. (Social issues in Southeast Asia) Hamilton Asia BQ410 .B8 1993, Loofs, H.H.E. The preeminence of Theravada Buddhism continued throughout the area during the remainder of the premodern period. In Tibet, for example, where there was no lineage for full ordination, there were nonetheless many nunneries. A dated but useful reference for the history of the Buddhist order. The Buddhist order had a fully developed internal legal system. Indeed, a probable cause of the early schism in Buddhism was a controversy between the majority Mahs-ghikas and the Sthaviras over expansion of the Vinaya. *System of government: monarch with absolute power; supported by officials and ministers; succession was hereditary. (1992), Revival without revivalism: the case of the Buddhists of Malaysia, Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) 7, no.2 (Aug) 326-335, Liow, Woon Khin Benny (1989) Buddhist temples and association in Penang, 1845-1948Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Kuala Lumpur) 62, no.1 57-87, Mohamed Yusoff Ismail (1990), Buddhism among the Siamese of Kelantan: minority religion in a Muslim state, Jurnal Antropologi dan Sosiologi (Kuala Lumpur) 18 55-69, Muhammad Kamal Hassan (1977) A brief survey of Buddhist ascetic practicesAkademika (Kuala Lumpur) no.10 (Jan) 67-76, Vijaya Samarawickrama (2001) Bar Council Malaysia seminar on freedom of religion: the Buddhist view, INSAF: The Journal of the Malaysian Bar (Kuala Lumpur) Special issue 43-54, MALAYSIA : BOOKS, OR BOOK CHAPTERSMohamed Yusoff Ismail (1993), Two faces of Buddhism: Chinese participation in Thai Theravada temples in Kelantan, In: Cheu, Hock Tong, ed. London ; New York : Routledge Hamilton Asia BL1215.N34 G67 2001, Gunawardana, R.A.L.H. 183p. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. In these times there was extensive growth of Buddhist ritual, Mahyna philosophy, stra literature, and institutional expansion. Hamilton Asia BL2050 .R43 1998, Hayashi, Yukio (2000), Spells and boundaries in regional context: 'wisa' and 'thamma' among the Thai-Lao in Northeast Thailand, In: Hayashi, Yukio; Yang, Guangyuan, eds. de Casparis. 139-172 Hamilton Asia BQ6343.B67 B37, Woodward, Hiram W., Jr. (1982), Barabudur as a stupa,In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. Contribution of Buddhism to world civilization and culture. 195-205 Hamilton Asia BQ6343.B67 B37, Magetsari, Noerhadi (1999), The innerside of Borobudur, In: Nuryanti, Wiendu, ed. In the latter region, Mahayana Buddhism prevailed and bore fruits like the construction of the Borobudur and other monuments in Java during the Sailendra dynasty, but its impact was less durable than on the mainland. The myth of the historical Buddha's life provides the basic model for Buddhist monasticism. The list of ten points includes rather trivial matters, and it is probable that these were in themselves indicators of larger issues. In most of Malaysia and Indonesia, however, both Hinduism and Buddhism were replaced by Islam, which remains the dominant religion in the area. Despite the etymology, the majority of Buddhist monastics, Parsis 330p. Buddhist trends in Southeast Asia. (1990), Candi Jago: a Javanese interpretation of the wheel of existence?, Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs (Sydney) 24 (Win 1990) 23-85, O'Connor, Stanley J. Buddhism in practice. There are, nonetheless, some documented illustrations of doctrinal and disciplinary evolution of the order. In Southeast Asia the impact of Buddhism was felt in very different ways in three separate regions. of plates, Jeto, Phra (1973), The revival of Buddhism in Indooesia, Visakha Puja (Bangkok) no.2516 (May 16) 42-45, Jordaan, Roy E. (1998), The Tara temple of Kalasan in central Java, Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient (Paris) 85 : 163-183, King, Victor T. (1975), Saminism, Buddhism and folk beliefs in Java: a reply to Niels Mulder,Asia Quarterly (Brussels) 1975/1: 91-96, Klokke, Marijke J. As time went on, Buddhist monasticism was fully integrated into societies in Southeast Asia and in Tang and, especially, Song China. Southeast Asia: women, changing social structure and cultural continuity. It was in a government's best interest to support and be validated by these institutions, and many of the most famous monasteries were built during the major dynastic periods throughout Asia. Payutto) on his 60th birthday anniversary. Tantrism, Daoism, and Confucianism also filtered into Vietnam at this time. After the fall of the Mauryas, Buddhism continued to develop with government support from central Asian kingdoms. Monasticism flourished in Northwest India under the Ka kings, and as time went on Buddhist monasticism spread along the central Asian trade routes into China, Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, and Tibet. Cao Dai propounded an eclectic theology, with a pope and such heterogeneous patron saints as the 19th-century French novelist Victor Hugo, the World War II British prime minister Winston Churchill, and the Buddha. The recitation of the threefold refuge formula that makes a person a Buddhist, either lay or monastic, enacts a pledge of taking refuge in the Buddha, the dharma (teaching), and the sangha; most commentaries imply that the three elements are equally important. In addition to endowments and donations, monasteries and individual monks were sometimes given, often via intermediaries, profit-making farms, farmlands, and livestock. The chief object of Daoism, however, is not redemption or salvation, at least as those goals are interpreted in other scripturally based religions. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Encyclopedia of Religion. Yangon: s.n., 1999. various pagings. This flexibility served the Buddhist "conquest" of Asia well and stimulated the growth of a massive religious institution with broad sociological diversity, extensive literature, philosophy, ritual, and considerable political power. 2 . For example, modern scholarship gives evidence of well-established and well-endowed nunneries in India in the Gupta dynasty, though these went into decline in the following centuries. 1999 104-112 Hamilton Asia PL493 .I58 1997, Quinn, Charles Underhill (Translated) (1970) The cross and the Bo-tree; Catholics and Buddhists in Vietnam. Tradition and modernity in Myanmar: proceedings of an international conference held in Berlin from May 7th to May 9th, 1993. The development of trade amongst merchants of the region along the Silk Roads resulted in a further expansion of Buddhism towards eastern Asian lands, especially in Thailand and Indonesia regions; where excavations displayed the interactions of these lands with Buddhist institutions linked to trading groups. In Laos it was recognized by the government as a part of the national heritage, and in Cambodia it was even given the status of a state religion. Moreover, wooden images of the Buddha dating from between the 2nd and 7th century CE were discovered in the Mekong Delta in south of Vietnam. 366p. The severe legal constraints placed on aspiring bhikkhunis . Buddhism and revolution in Cambodia Cultural survival Quarterly. Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications, 1993. Drawing heavily on the Theravada heritage that had been preserved among the Mon in southern Myanmar, as well as on the new reform tradition of Sri Lanka, this revival soon established the Theravada tradition as the most dynamic in Myanmar, where the Burmans had conquered the Mon. Monastic law codes were a source of law and legal authority in Southeast Asian cultures and elsewhere, affirming the Buddhist monastic commitment to engagement in worldly matters. ." Quezon City: Department of English and Comparative Literature, University of Philippines, 1999. The interest in the councils lie in what philosophical, ethical, and social questions they raised and how those were resolved to support the evolution of the doctrine and spread of the community. Yangon: Universities Historical Research Centre, 1996. (1982), Barabudur: a Buddhist mystery in stone, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. Entry into the monastic order was socially acceptable and advantageous, not a punishment or life-denying exile. Westport, Conn.; London: Greenwood, 1994. The long-term development of Buddhism in Vietnam, however, was most affected by Zen and Pure Land traditions, which were introduced from China into the northern and central sections of the country beginning in the 6th century ce. From Central Asia, they spread into China in the 2nd century CE. The attraction of Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia was as much political as spiritual. 115-144 Hamilton Asia DS 527.9 .C66 1995, Fraser-Lu, Sylvia (2001), Splendour in wood : the Buddhist monasteries of Burma / Trumbull, CT : Weatherhill, Hamilton Asia NA6012 .F73 2001, Galloway, Charlotte (1999), Changing times--changing visions: the evolution of the Buddha image in Myanmar, In: Papers from the Myanmar Two Millennia Conference, Yangoon [sic], Myanmar, December 15-17, 1999. New York: Macmillan; London: Collier Macmillan, 1989. 808-956-7214 (Reference) 178-186 Hamilton BQ4012 .P73, Bechert, Heinz (1978), German studies of Buddhism in Southeast Asia In: Cultures in encounter: Germany and the Southeast Asian nations: a documentation of the ASEAN Cultural Week, Tubingen, Summer 1977. 188p. 309-315 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .B833 1989, Gosling, David (2001), Religion and ecology in India and southeast Asia / with a foreword by Ninian Smart. According to the legend, this king was particularly aggressive in his conquest of the Indian subcontinent and subsequently converted to Buddhism. In addition to religious authority and expertise, political influence, and wealth, many monasteries served the legal needs of the monastic and lay communities. 308p. There appears to be a high degree of monastic involvement with lay society, and the provision of special amenities for monks who prefer a strictly contemplative life, as in Sri Lanka and Thailand, has been well defined in practice. System of government: monarch with absolute power ; supported by officials and ministers ; succession hereditary! Berlin from May 7th to May 9th, 1993 ethnic minoritiessuch as the Chin, Kachin, Karin and! A unified island been notable exceptions everywhere, there were nonetheless many.... 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