Fellow-citizens, after the struggle of ages had consecrated the right of the Englishman to constitutional representative government, our colonial ancestors were forced to vindicate that birthright by an appeal to arms. Soon to come: Gettysburg . The question is, according to Jefferson Davis in his second inaugural address what caused the civil war do you agree or disagree and why? . The courts have been open, the judicial functions fully executed, and every right of the peaceful citizen maintained as securely as if a war of invasion had not disturbed the land. Several last-minute changes were made after Jefferson drafted the finished address. Thomas Jefferson's inaugural address, delivered on March 4, 1801, was a statement of purpose for his presidency. Lincoln viewed the United States as a collection of states held together by an unbreakable bond. . Jefferson Davis stated that a "disparaging discrimination" and a fight for "liberty" against "the tyranny of an unbridled majority" gave the . Our Confederacy has grown from six to thirteen States; and Maryland, already united to us by hallowed memories and material interests, will, I believe, when able to speak with unstifled voice, connect her destiny with the South. 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Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Jefferson's Inauguration in Montgomery On February 18th, 1861, Davis gave his inaugural address on the steps of the Montgomery, Alabama state capital building. Jefferson Davis Sets the Tone. In February of 1861, just two months before the official start of the Civil War, Jefferson Davis delivered his inaugural address to the Confederacy as its new leader. Three weeks later, Abraham Lincoln did likewise, to much different results. They are diacritical marks to assist Jefferson in the oral delivery of the address. William Plumer departed Washington for Baltimore on a mail stage late the night before the inauguration, but he noted that the address was handed out on the Baltimore streets in the course of an hour after the speech was delivered in Washington. He consistently spoke of preserving the union and the worthiness of fighting for it. . Home. It is a satisfaction that we have maintained the war by our unaided exertions. In a later reading of the marks, Jay Fliegelman instead asserted that, based on the placement and appearance of the markings, they represented not accented syllables but rhythmical pauses of emphatical stress used to divide the piece into units comparable to musical bars or poetic lines (Julian P. Boyd, The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original,, The marks are nearly identical to those recommended by Irish actor, speaker, and rhetorician Thomas Sheridan, whom Jefferson occasionally recommended to young scholars seeking reading lists. The confidence of the most hopeful among us must have been destroyed by the disregard they have recently exhibited for all the time-honored bulwarks of civil and religious liberty. He likely meant the undated Notes, written sometime after he had finished writing the address, to be part of his personal record of the politics of his era. now reduced within limits too narrow for the hunter-state, humanity enjoins us to teach them agriculture & the domestic arts; to encourage them to that industry which alone can enable them to maintain their place in existence, & to prepare them in time for that state of society, which to bodily comforts adds the improvement of the mind & morals. The recollections of this great contest, with all its common traditions of glory, of sacrifice and blood, will be the bond of harmony and enduring affection amongst the people, producing unity in policy, fraternity in sentiment, and just effort in war. it is due to the sound discretion with which they select from among themselves those to whom they confide the legislative duties. succeed. Jefferson Davis History & Facts | Who was President of the Confederacy? Lincoln's First Inaugural Address Summary & Analysis | What was Lincoln's First Inaugural Address? The great principles upon which we have been willing to hazard everything that is dear to man have made conquests for us which could never have been achieved by the sword. Gallatin took issue with the presentation of the press in the draft he reviewed (see, When he had the address in the form he wanted, Jefferson used his polygraph to help him make multiple copies and submitted the final text to Samuel Harrison Smith for printing. Creator. They therefore determined to sever its bonds and establish a new Confederacy for themselves. He described how it is 'the right of the people to alter or abolish' (get rid of) the government at will 'whenever they become destructive of the ends for which they were established.' On finishing the address, Jefferson kissed the Bible, swore the oath of office administered by Chief Justice John Marshall, and bowed. Transcribed from Dunbar Rowland, ed., Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, Volume 5, pp. Jack Shorter, an enslaved stable hand at the Presidents House, may have been the groom. Vice president of the Confederate States (1812-1883) On this day in 1861, former U.S. with those too, not yet rallied to the same point, the disposition to do so is gaining strength. Nothing could be so bad as failure, and any sacrifice would be cheap as the price of success in such a contest. Virginia Capitol, Richmond, February 22, 1862. In return for their kindness I can offer assurances of the gratitude with which it is received; and can but pledge a zealous devotion of every faculty to the service of those who have chosen me as their Chief Magistrate. For proof of the sincerity of our purpose to maintain our ancient institutions, we may point to the Constitution of the Confederacy and the laws enacted under it, as well as to the fact that through all the necessities of an unequal struggle there has been no act on our part to impair personal liberty or the freedom of speech, of thought, or of the press. Which of the following is true of Jefferson Davis and his governing? In this product, students will analyze excerpts from both Abram Lincoln's First Inaugural Address and Jefferson Davis's Inaugural Address in order to compare their ideas of liberty, equality, union, and government. Henry Adamss 1890 history of the Jefferson administration remarked that the address roused neither the bitterness nor the applause which greeted the first, and while Dumas Malones multivolume work devoted most of seven pages to the inauguration, he admitted that Samuel Chases acquittal was far more dramatic and Aaron Burrs exit from the vice presidency was much more moving than the re-entry of the President. Jon Meacham tackled Jeffersons second inauguration in less than a page. Title. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States during the war, stated that the state is the most important entity and that states have the authority to ignore laws that are unconstitutional. In it, he outlined the principles that would guide his administration, including a commitment to limited government, individual liberty, and the rule of law. Lincoln agreed that this difference of opinion on slavery was the reason the Civil War was dragging on. Some of you may have even recited them in grade school. How to Reach Us The Papers of Jefferson Davis Rice University--MS 215 P.O. It is a satisfaction that we have maintained the war by our unaided exertions. The first year in our history has been the most eventful in the annals of this continent. when satisfied of these views, it is not in human nature that they should not approve & support them. my conscience tells me I have, on every occasion acted up to that declaration, according to its obvious import, and to the understanding of every candid mind. Although history proved the North as the victor in this war, these issues were not completely resolved. Julian Boyd linked the markings on that early version of the Declaration to the marks present in this reading script. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 but public duties more urgent press on the time of public servants and the offenders have therefore been left to find their punishment in the public indignation. The president, who affects great plainness of dress and manners, was dressed all in black, including silk stockings, and was attended by his secretary and groom. The secretary was Isaac A. Coles, the young Virginian from Albemarle County who, since December, had been filling in for William A. Burwell as Jeffersons private secretary. we have therefore liberally furnished them with the implements of husbandry & houshold use; we have placed among them instructors in the arts of first necessity; and they are covered with the Aegis of the law against aggressors from among ourselves. Citizens of the Confederate States of America. George Washington had chosen to speak only briefly, and John Adams had not had the opportunity to give one. that is due in the first place to the reflecting character of our citizens at large, who, by the weight of public opinion, influence and strengthen the public measures. The concept of a public censor on government was largely downplayed in the final draft, where Jefferson instead lauded his fellow citizens who, by the weight of public opinion, influence and strengthen the public measures. Carrying through the majority of the drafting process was Jeffersons unwavering faith in the people for reelecting him, ultimately granting vindication to his administration. NHPRC The National Historical Publications and Records Commission(NHPRC) is part of the National In giving these outlines, I do not mean, fellow citizens, to arrogate to myself the merit of the measures. I fear not that any motives of interest may lead me astray. Fax: (713) 348-6172, Mailing Address: P.O. But we knew the value of the object for which we struggled, and understood the nature of the war in which we were engaged. The Government had ceased to answer the ends for which it was ordained and established. Lincoln hoped that he could prevent the conflict from escalating by taking a peaceful approach on the divisive issue of slavery. We have neither asked nor received assistance from any quarter. Second Inaugural Address by Jefferson Davis (Confederate States of America) Summary In this second Inaugural Address, Davis, now President of the Confederate States, speaks from what is now the Capitol of the Confederate States of America, Richmond Virginia. we have done them justice on all occasions; favor, where favor was lawful, & cherished mutual interests & intercourse on fair & equal terms. being collected on our sea-board and frontiers only, & incorporated with the transactions of our mercantile citizens, it may be the pleasure and the pride of an American to ask What farmer, what mechanic, what labourer ever sees a tax-gatherer of the US.? To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. public. Archives. Summarized in The Papers of Jefferson Davis, Volume 8, p. 55. Even with the corrections, Jefferson continued adjusting the address until the eleventh hour, submitting a few changes to Smith after he sent along the full draft (see, The address rapidly circulated through the states after Smiths printing, with many newspapers publishing the speech in full. This great strife has awakened in the people the highest emotions and qualities of the human soul. Proceeding, fellow citizens, to that qualification which the constitution requires before my entrance on the charge again conferred on me, it is my duty to express the deep sense I entertain of this new proof of confidence from my fellow citizens at large, and the zeal with which it inspires me so to conduct myself as may best satisfy their just expectations. Never has a people evinced a more determined spirit than that now animating men, women, and children in every part of our country. He did not use that word in, Jefferson acknowledged that public officials need oversight. endowed with the faculties & the rights of men, breathing an ardent love of liberty and independance, & occupying a country which left them no desire but to be undisturbed, the stream of overflowing population from other regions directed itself on these shores. An error occurred trying to load this video. In this lesson, we will briefly examine how Jefferson Davis expressed his views on liberty, equality, union, and government in his first inaugural address. He directed his words at convincing them that he was not their enemy, but a friend. After a series of successes and victories, which covered our arms with glory, we have recently met with serious disasters. they too have their Anti-Philosophists, who find an interest in keeping things in their present state; who dread reformation, and exert all their faculties to maintain the ascendancy of habit over the duty of improving our reason, & obeying its mandates. He was well known for his highly disciplined acting preparation, which informed his later works on elocution, speaking, education, and the English language. P.O. He also humbly held that he was restricted to only the most prominent heads and the strongest justifications. He again brought up the defense that he used in, Soon after Americans had a chance to react to the address, European publishers began to circulate the printed speech. Lincoln suggested that 'insurgent agents' were working to destroy the government with or without a war, and 'seeking to dissolve the Union.' Fellow-Citizens: On this the birthday of the man most identified with the establishment of American independence, and beneath the monument erected to commemorate his heroic virtues and those of his compatriots, we have assembled to usher into existence the Permanent Government of the Confederate States. and it is due to the able and faithful auxiliaries, whose patriotism has associated them with me in the executive functions. Davis argued that the North oppressed the South through its disapproval of slavery, a practice vital to its economy and culture. He continued to use the idea of a national union of sentiment to depict hardened opposition as an anomaly and the worst Federalist printers as a numerically small holdout of false and backwards thought. if there be still improprieties which this rule would not restrain, its Supplement must be sought in the Censorship of Public opinion. Nor would the constancy of these supplies be likely to be disturbed by war. Whatever of hope some may have entertained that a returning sense of justice would remove the danger with which our rights were threatened, and render it possible to preserve the Union of the Constitution, must have been dispelled by the malignity and barbarity of the Northern States in the prosecution of the existing war. Printers, Jefferson argued, needed to be held accountable for disseminating dishonest or licentious information. Lincoln appeared at the battlefield to dedicate a cemetery in honor of the fallen soldiers from the North who fought a heroic battle to help end slavery. 42:226-7, 346-9) and other personal memorandums on political topics, including his notes from the time of George Washingtons cabinet that Thomas Jefferson Randolph named the Anas (TJR, 4:443-523). Since he did not think secession was valid, he therefore did not view the government of the Confederacy as legitimate either. Yet the interest involved is not wholly our own. Recognizing that his treatment of the topic of Philosophy in the address was unorthodox, he apparently wrote the Notes on a Draught for a second inaugural Address to memorialize the decision for his ongoing record of his own times. With humble gratitude and adoration, acknowledging the Providence which has so visibly protected the Confederacy during its brief but eventful career, to thee, O God, I trustingly commit myself, and prayerfully invoke thy blessing on my country and its cause. His purpose in writing the Notes on a Draught was to explain his handling of this topic. Upon the first call the men flew to arms, and wifes and mothers send their husbands and sons to battle without a murmur of regret. 1805]. The day, the memory, and the purpose seem fitly associated. Battle Hymn of the Republic | Lyrics, History & Analysis, Washington's Farewell Address | Summary, Quotes & Analysis, Northwest Ordinance | History & Significance, Nullification Crisis of 1832 | History, Summary & Debate, Chinese Immigration to America | History, Causes & Issues. 17 terms. Absent from the scene were some members of Congress who had left for home after the close of the session the previous day (Augustus Foster to Frederick Foster, 1 July 1805, in Vere Foster, ed., To deliver his inaugural address, Jefferson had prepared a special reading copy that is unlike any other document in his papers (see. Jefferson Davis (pictured here on the eve of the Civil War) delivered his second inaugural address in Richmond, Virginia, on February 22, 1862. . War of conquest they cannot wage, because the Constitution of their Confederacy admits of no coerced association. In this second Inaugural Address, Davis, now President of the Confederate States, speaks from what is now the Capitol of the Confederate States of America, Richmond Virginia. Civil war there cannot be between States held together by their volition only. Election of 1860 Candidates, Summary & Significance | Who Won the Election of 1860? Second Inaugural Address Washington, DC. Never has a people evinced a more determined spirit than that now animating men, women, and children in every part of our country. Jefferson Davis (pictured here on the eve of the Civil War) delivered his second inaugural address in Richmond, Virginia, on February 22, 1862., "Second Inaugural Address," Textbook, accessed January 24, . Lincoln recognized how crucial this first inaugural address would be to the Southern states considering secession. topics that appear in. On March 4, 1861, Lincoln spoke to a crowd gathered on the steps of the U.S. Capitol after being sworn in as President. The constitutions of each government were similar as well, with a key difference that the Constitution of the Confederacy guaranteed the right to own slaves. To save ourselves from a revolution which, in its silent but rapid progress, was about to place us under the despotism of numbers, and to preserve in spirit, as well as in form, a system of government we believed to be peculiarly fitted to our condition, and full of promise for mankind, we determined to make a new association, composed of States homogeneous in interest, in policy, and in feeling. Davis believed that because the North was restricting the rights of the Southern states, secession was 'a necessity, not a choice.' The world at large is concerned in opening our markets to its commerce. 1805], Reading Copy of Second Inaugural Address, [before 4 Mch. The world at large is concerned in opening our markets to its commerce. The reading is in the pictures below the answer must be at least 250 words and include a quote from the reading. 'The union of these states is perpetual,' or permanent, he declared. 198-203. the United States, and research and development projects to bring historical records to the The courts have been open, the judicial functions fully executed, and every right of the peaceful citizen maintained as securely as if a war of invasion had not disturbed the land. When the independence of the Confederate States is recognized by the nations of the earth, and we are free to follow our interests and inclinations by cultivating foreign trade, the Southern States will offer to manufacturing nations the most favorable markets which ever invited their commerce. I shall need therefore all the indulgence which I have heretofore experienced from my constituents. The first full text that survives is the finished address, Jefferson struggled with the two additional Genl. If the acquiescence of foreign nations in a pretended blockade has deprived us of our commerce with them, it is fast making us a self-supporting and an independent people. Nothing could be so bad as failure, and any sacrifice would be cheap as the price of success in such a contest. The rule of voluntary association, which cannot fail to be conservative, by securing just and impartial government at home, does not diminish the security of the obligations by which the Confederate States may be bound to foreign nations. Delaware and Maryland, both slave states, did not vote to secede. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. . In what was probably Lincoln's most famous speech, the Gettysburg Address of 1863, he delivered a solemn message after a battle in which approximately 50,000 soldiers died. Users are not permitted to mount this file on any network server. Through this instrumentality, under the favor of Divine Providence, we hope to perpetuate the principles of our revolutionary fathers. All rights reserved. The Aboriginal inhabitants of these countries I have regarded with the commiseration their history inspires. In his address, he did not embrace the North's demands for a reunion of states, which he described as 'neither practicable nor desirable.' In spite of his laborious attempt to discountenance the opposition to philosophy and to make a statement about the opposition press, Jefferson recognized, as he wrote in his Notes on a Draught for a second inaugural Address, that the nature of the occasion requires that detail should be avoided. He used the address to make his case for the performance of his earlier promises and to lay out a foundation for governing performance in a second term (Adams, The Two Duchesses: Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire, Elizabeth Duchess of Devonshire. 1805], To Samuel Harrison Smith, [ca. To save ourselves from a revolution which, in its silent but rapid progress, was about to place us under the despotism of numbers, and to preserve in spirit, as well as in form, a system of government we believed to be peculiarly fitted to our condition, and full of promise for mankind, we determined to make a new association, composed of States homogeneous in interest, in policy, and in feeling. He believed that the slaves in the Confederacy would eventually be free, and that it was their God-given right to enjoy freedom and equality like all American citizens. Three weeks later, Abraham Lincoln did likewise, with different results. The closing remarks of his speech described exactly the kind of government he envisioned for the union: a government 'of the people, by the people, for the people.'. When a long course of class legislation, directed not to the general welfare, but to the aggrandizement of the Northern section of the Union, culminated in a warfare on the domestic institutions of the Southern States--when the dogmas of a sectional party, substituted for the provisions of the constitutional compact, threatened to destroy the sovereign rights of the States, six of those States, withdrawing from the Union, confederated together to exercise the right and perform the duty of instituting a Government which would better secure the liberties for the preservation of which that Union was established. In a document that he wrote after he completed the drafting of the address and headed Notes on a Draught for a second inaugural Address (Document, At the outset of his drafting process, he identified those most prominent heads for the address in a spare outline that listed four Genl. Analysis | What was lincoln 's first Inaugural address would be to able. 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