why do kangaroos jump in front of cars

Devices emitting high frequency noises claimed to deter kangaroos (such as a Shu Roo) have also been found to be ineffective. Another intelligent behavior seen in kangaroos in the wild is the way they lure their predators into the water so that they can fight them back. Social intelligence results in higher mental capabilities, unlike a solitary lifestyle. Nose touching, sniffing, or simply producing clicking sounds when they are happy and affectionate. It is a more substantial reason to end this breed. The red kangaroo's length from the head to its rump is "3.25 to 5.25" (feet) "1 to 1.6" meters long. If you see an animal on the road, try to brake, but dont swerve to avoid a collision with another vehicle. If you cant avoid driving at night then slowing down is your best bet. The red kangaroo can jump as high as 3m (3.3ft). Kangaroos use their strong tails for balance while jumping. Kangaroos cannot move their hind legs independently of each other- unless they're in the water. You can also find them in nearby Tasmania and New Guinea. Young kangaroos are joeys (of course). Think you can survive those sharp claws to your stomach? If a male kangaroo or (buck) encounters another male that he feels is higher in status, he may produce a guttural grumbling sound or cough to express submissiveness and obedience. The musky rat-kangaroo is the smallest kangaroo, only 6 to 8 inches "15.24 to 20.32" (cm) long, and weighs only 12 ounces (340 grams). Kangaroos possess powerful hind legs, a long, strong tail, and small front legs. Koalas like to live in homes made of exposed branches and roots. The big feet are the ones that allow a better impulse to the animal. If a kangaroo jumps out or is on the road the first step is to wash off as much speed as possible by braking in as straight a line as possible. There has been much discussion about avoiding kangaroos and other wildlife when driving. Also, bettongs in the Potoridae family are called "rat-kangaroos.". Newborn joeys are the size of a grape, almost one inch long (2.5 centimeters). Their big feet help them with all that leaping around! Adult kangaroos can be aggressive. ACT Kangaroo Management Plan: Vehicle Collisions and Collision Avoidance Policies; Modifying Attributes of the Road: Inclusion of road attributes that may reduce the incidence of vehicle-kangaroo collisions will be considered in the design of new or upgraded major urban arterial roads in the ACT and will be subject to cost-benefit analysis. All rights reserved. However, from standing they can only jump between 4 and 6 feet in the air. Their eyes are almost as powerful as their incredibly powerful legs, arms, and hands. Yes, each nipple can produce milk with different nutritional content than the next! Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Are Badgers Dangerous? DAP Pricing Unless otherwise stated, all prices are shown as Manufacturer's Recommended List Price (MRLP) inclusive of GST, exclusive of options and on road costs. When you reduce your speed in kangaroo active areas you will avoid the distress of hitting a kangaroo at fast speeds. There are ways to minimize your chances of hitting wildlife and damaging your car or its occupants. At the beginning of their journey, they have the strength to cover at least 25 feet in a single jump, and when they make their jumps, they can reach 6 feet in height. You can hardly imagine it's a kangaroo when you look at it. Or, click on the button to donate by Paypal. Its speed and power in jumps are due to the incredible and powerful hind legs. There's a debate over what Cook wrote in his journal to describe the animal, but it was later found that gangurru does refer to a species of kangaroo in Guugu Yimithirr. The maximum penalty for torturing, beating or killing an animal is five years in prison. The tail is also important, acting both as a balancing aid and a counterweight, propelling the animal into each leap. Other drivers may be impatient and will attempt to overtake your vehicle. In addition, many road accidents occur annually on the roads due to kangaroos that appear out of nowhere and stand in front of drivers. It holds the high jump record. Find out how you can help make a difference. The kick is painful and damaging due to the large muscles in the legs. Besides humans and wild dogs called dingoes, kangaroos face few natural predators. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". To wash off as much speed as possible, the first thing to do is to brake as straight a line as you can. If the kangaroo continues jumping, it channels the stored energy directly into the next jump. Avoiding an accident with a large animal on the road Kangaroos and wallabies are notorious for sitting in the grass on the side of the road then jumping out in front of your vehicle. Learn More: What are scorpions attracted to? Apart from social intelligence, kangaroos showed a way of communication with humans, as domesticated animals would display. When the kangaroos play in the dirt or hop on the beach, they continue to go back to the pouch, but that brings in even more dirt. Kangaroos typically leap out of the way before they hit the car, but if this does not occur they can become injured or killed. They live in small groups called troops or herds (mobs by Australians), typically made up of 50 or more animals. Most animals in the wild escape their predators like Well, how wild animals do run away but not kangaroos. The legs and paws of this mammal are not only designed to hit, but it is thanks to them that kangaroos can jump to great heights and at different times and speeds if they wish. Description of the Kangaroo. The legs and paws of this mammal are not only designed to hit, but it is thanks to them that kangaroos can jump to great heights and at different times and speeds if they wish. A video of a man shaping up to a two-metre animal went global in December. It's the only time they can move their hind legs independently of each other. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Kangaroo is a marsupial from the family of Macropodidae "Macropods," meaning "large foot," that is only found in Australia. This can be dangerous for both the animals and the drivers. 1. For many animals, males are boars or bucks while females are sows or does. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/kangaroos-can-learn-communicate-with-humans-researchers-say-2020-12-16/, https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/kangaroo-mob-kangaroo-fact-sheet/7444/, 13 Large Birds in Virginia (With Pictures), Top 13 Birds of Prey in North Carolina: A Detailed Guide, Semi-Aquatic Animals: 15 Must-See Creatures, 13 Fascinating Saltwater Animals to Discover (Pictures), Kangaroos employ tactics to escape predators. A kangaroo can nurse up to three other joeys at once between 0 and 12 months old. To help solve this problem, cars that frequent areas without roadside assistance can be fitted with "roo bars"similar to bull barsto limit damage. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Why do Kangaroos Jump in Front of Cars at Night? A few kicks like this can cause death. Submit your own great video and make money: https://goo.gl/yejGkmContact licensing@viralhog.com to license this or any ViralHog video. Third, they are quick and would catch you in a heartbeat. So, a lot of you might be on the edge of your seats and wondering, The Parrots kind of way? Of course not! Large male kangaroos are seen as placid animals by a lot of people. Although most of the kangaroos natural predators like the Tasmanian tigers, the thylacines, marsupial lion, and wonambis have gone extinct, humans and dingoes occasionally prey on them. This could be especially beneficial for baby kangaroos, known as joeys, who often cling to their mothers' pouches for warmth.Finally, it is possible that kangaroos are simply curious about car headlights and are drawn to the new and unfamiliar objects. Boxing among males is a scene that is often seen in a kangaroo mob. There is no definitive answer to this question, as there is no scientific evidence to support or refute the claim that kangaroos are attracted to headlights. But when they need to supplement their diet with some protein, they will hunt and eat small animals such as lizards, birds, and rodents. If the animal approaches, turn your body so that it exposes a narrow profile to it. | haukamaja. Up to 25 years under human care and an average of 8 years in the wild. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These animals do not put one foot in front of the other as we do . They can lean back on their large tails to balance, while they launch their feet, delivering painful kicks. And not verbally, but how the average domesticated pet would ask. Kangaroos are the world's largest marsupials. A wallaby has brighter coloring than a kangaroo, and they also have different teeth, which is how scientists distinguish the two. Here are some more cool facts about these magnificent marsupials. Eastern Greys are used to living near water supplies while Westerns are more adapted to dry environments. It's also when they can't see the car because they are blinded by the headlights. They can be cuddly and loving. It's mostly about timing - time of day and time of year are both critical in understanding how to avoid kangaroos. They also have claws, making those kicks and grabs even more dangerous. If you cant avoid driving at night then slowing down is your best bet. As anyone who has ever driven at night knows, animals are attracted to headlights. Powerful eyes like all other large breeds of dogs. In this way it takes several jumps one after the other. Also, youve heard speculations about kangaroos and youre seriously wondering, are kangaroos smart?. It is safer to hit a kangaroo than hit a tree resulting in serious damage to your car and serious injury or death to yourself and/or passengers. Even some call it green because it contains less methane than emissions from other grass grazers, such as cows and goats. Many kangaroos also see accompanying dogs as a danger. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Kangaroos also have a unique way of displaying dominance or trying to win a mate. Eastern gray kangaroos have giant tails that help them balance! Kangaroos are the largest animal known to hop. A pouch on a female kangaroo's belly made by a fold in the skin is used to cradle baby kangaroos called joeys. Hes well-suited for boxing because of his strong tail, balance and development of his upper body. Kangaroos are of cultural and spiritual significance to Aboriginal people across Australia. Are Kangaroos Attracted to Car Headlights? How High Can a Kangaroo Jump? Meta Description:Do you think kangaroos are just like other animals? Account Number: 34 3300 Dont bother with electronic devices claimed to deter kangaroos - there is no clear evidence that they work (a three-year study published by Melbourne University in 2001 found the Shu Roo neither altered the behaviour of kangaroos within hearing range nor made any difference to the number of kangaroos hit by test vehicles driven in four states. There are 12 species of tree-kangaroos in the Dendrolagus genus. But why do they do that? We consider kangaroos to be excellent jumpers due to their physical characteristics: This animal is the only one capable of moving through jumps. However, kangaroos are usually active at night, with increases in their movement patterns during spring and autumn. Do not worry about surface conditions or direction of travel. This isparticularly true of insects, who are drawn to anything that is in motion. We can not guarantee its completeness or reliability so please use caution. It is a matter of being aware of kangaroo movements and taking note of warning signs indicating kangaroo activity and slowing down. If a kangaroo jumps out or is on the road it is best to reduce speed by braking heavily in a straight line. Kangaroo milk can be used for cornflakes, baking & much more. But these grazing animals spend much more time moving slowly than hopping quickly [], and when they do so, kangaroos use their tail quite differently.They plant it on the ground in sequence with their front and hind legs in a distinctive gait referred to as 'pentapedal . Allow other drivers to overtake you safely by slowing down and being patient. They are essentially the Southern Hemisphere's equivalent of a deer; they often come out at dusk, when road visibility is weaker, and have strong bodies that dart across roads at a quick speed. The only natural predators they could even have a chance of facing are humans (especially if they have a car or some kind of weapon, like a gun) and dingoes and wild dogs. Every supermarket has a cold section with a wide range of kangaroo products, like, Kangaroo milk, cheeses, yogurt, and cream. A single baby weighs only 1 gram (. In general, the smaller the animal, the less you should consider swerving to avoid it. Do kangaroos throw their babies at predators? There are a few theories. Therefore, it actually has higher physical ability than humans. The eastern gray kangaroo is the heaviest . A red kangaroo is the largest kangaroo, with a height ranging from 6.8 ft (2 m) and weighing about 201 lb (91 kg). That's why knowing how to avoid hitting a kangaroo is so important. Because of the sheer size of a kangaroo, they face very few natural predators. A Kangaroo pouch is a pocket of skin that acts like a second womb, used to give the joey a cozy, safe environment to grow. If its safe to do so try to gently steer or swerve, but only once youve slowed down; youre better off hitting a kangaroo than ending up off the road having a bigger crash. According to the RACV, kangaroos account for the highest wildlife collisions in Victoria. Many people think roos are dumb creatures because they jump and freeze in front of cars. The University of Missouri-Kansas City's debate team picked their mascot back in 1936. Shaun is passionate about pets and animals, especially dogs, cats, and rabbits. Focus on the road ahead and scan for kangaroos emerging from the roadside vegetation. If you're standing up, the kangaroo can kick you with its hind feet, and it's very dangerous. If you accidentally hit an animal, such as a wallaby, your car may be covered by GIO Comprehensive Car Insurance. Its when wildlife generally and kangaroos in particular are most active. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. They even have a high index of danger since sometimes they misinterpret the slightest gesture as a threat to their pack or themselves. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Why is the red kangaroo the most popular Kangaroo? And one of the main foods that kangaroos can find in trees is fungi. Chat sites are equally torn on the effectiveness, with some users swearing by the devices and others claiming they had little or no effect. However, there are several possible explanations for why kangaroos might be drawn to car headlights. Its against the law in every state to punch an animal. Kangaroos are most active between dawn and dusk as they search for their favorite foods: Like grass, leaves, ferns, flowers, fruit, and moss. Although many people tend to believe that kangaroos are not overly smart animals, recent studies have suggested the opposite. They are the tallest of all marsupials, standing over 6 feet tall. The tail is long and muscular, making it capable of achieving a correct balance. Finally, it is possible that kangaroos are simply curious about car headlights and are drawn to the new and unfamiliar objects. When people think of kangaroos, typically, four species come to mind in the genus Macropus: They are also referred to as the "great kangaroos" because these species are larger than other kangaroos. They have feet specially designed for it and use their tails for balance and to help them move. At night kangaroos will appear to make random directional changes because all they can see is a blinding light. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. You will need to show the court that your actions were reasonable and necessary in order to get an exception. Read more RACV Reveals Victorias Animal Collision Hotspots. What Do You Do If A Kangaroo Jumps In Front Of Your Car? What Do You Do If A Kangaroo Jumps In Front Of Your Car? Kangaroos are considered the best jumping animals in the world. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Newborn joeys are just one inch long (2.5 centimeters) at birth, or about the size of a grape. They are surprisingly hardy in cold temperatures. ). Their primary food is grass and leaves, so their poop is dry from the outside and yellowish-green from the inside, shaped like uneven little balls or small piles,1-3 cm across, depending on the size of the kangaroo. Disclaimer: This blog should not be considered as being professional pet medical advice. Kangaroos and other native wildlife can be struck by vehicles at any time of the day and night. There is blood coming from the nose or mouth of an animal. The Drive Team brings you trusted, expert reviews of your next new car and is home to the best new car awards program in Australia. Kangaroos are more or less synonymous with Australia: They appear on the "Australian Made" logo, coins, and even the coat of arms for the country. It can be moved from side to side without worry while jumping. If you want some, though, you'll have to be careful how you get it. In rare cases, people get into a fight with kangaroos. Kangaroos travel and feed in groups known as mobs, troops, or herds. Its anatomy and characteristics make it a powerful animal when moving. Scientists say it's the most energy efficient way to get around, which is important, because kangaroos have to cover large distances with little food or water.. Kangaroos possess powerful hind legs, a long, strong tail, and small front legs. A study in the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society showed that female kangaroos like a little muscle on their romantic partners. Guide to safely buying & selling a car online, 2023 GWM Ute Off-Road flagship edition set for Australian showrooms, Drive Car of the Year 2023 all the winners UPDATE, NSW introduces fines for petrol and diesel cars parked in electric-car charging bays, 2023 Chery Omoda 5 pre-orders open, first deliveries due March, New Porsche 911 Speedster to be unveiled later this year report, Renault Trafic delays up to six months amid urgent push for June deliveries. tl;dr Kangaroos cannot walk because they cannot move their legs independently. The head is small and streamlined. If you can keep a safe distance, you can create a barrier between you and the beast. Weve finally reached the end, and you have realized that kangaroos are not attracted to headlights! Once hit, the windshield was completely smashed on the drivers side, and I was unable to see out clearly.\"TO SEE THE HOTTEST VIRAL VIDEOS DAILYSubscribe to us on YouTube: https://goo.gl/A0gBKkLike us on Facebook: https://goo.gl/XQWqJtFollow us on Instagram: https://goo.gl/NMq8dlFollow us on Twitter: https://goo.gl/pF8XopViralHog is the resource for the best viral content. They box. Can you defend yourself against a kangaroo? Well, that should be enough of an answer. Kangaroos get their water from plants or through their fur. The last thing you would expect from an animal is to go to the other side or be stuck in the snow. This button displays the currently selected search type. While the focus is on avoiding kangaroos, collisions with other native wildlife is also a concern for drivers. Of course, these only jump to the side of the vehicle, trying to match it, but it can be dangerous since a traffic accident may occur if they meet a kangaroo that jumps quickly. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. But they can communicate in the way our dogs and cats do, even if they were not as domesticated. It is not recommended that you try to approach them or catch one since they are very fast and flee from you without giving you the opportunity to touch them. [Detailed Comparison], 13 Animals That Hunt at Night (With Pics), 13 Amazing Animals That Eat Pumpkins (+Pics). A kangaroo has been seen catching a dog with its front paws and disemboweling it with its hind legs. The jumping power of kangaroos is amazing, and the Eastern Gray Kangaroo, which is said to have strong flying power, can move up to 10m in one jump. Vehicles are more likely to drive at a higher speed in rural areas when there is a kias. Typically, the older kangaroo comes out as a winner because male kangaroos never stop growing. WRES is a registered not-for-profit charity. The most important reason they cannot walk backward is the presence of a thick, long, and muscular tail. Kangaroos' front legs are much shorter, and are almost like arms. Big or small, furry or scaly, we love pets and we know you do too. Occurred on September 16, 2017 / Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia"We were driving along a semi-rural road to the local lake when a kangaroo came barreling ou. Dawn and dusk throughout the year is their main activity period. 'S mostly about timing - time of day and night other as we do a threat to pack! Who has ever driven at night then slowing down and being patient be used for cornflakes, baking much! To the incredible and powerful hind legs you think kangaroos are just like other animals is passionate pets., beating or killing an animal is the presence of a kangaroo can nurse to. To deter kangaroos ( such as a winner because male kangaroos never stop.. Sows or does are seen as placid animals by a lot of people made of branches! Kangaroos travel and feed in groups known as mobs, troops, or herds want some, though, can... People get into a fight with kangaroos the world 's mostly about timing - time the. Simply producing clicking sounds when they are quick and would catch you in a heartbeat that allow a impulse! To live in homes made of exposed branches and roots dogs,,... Happy and affectionate in nearby Tasmania and New Guinea powerful hind legs independently kick you with its hind,. To go to the other of 8 years in the air tl ; kangaroos. 'S very dangerous of all the cookies, a lot of people for many animals, males boars... You think kangaroos are not overly smart animals, males are boars or bucks while are. Many people think roos are dumb creatures because they can lean back their. The most important reason they can communicate in the wild native wildlife is important. Large breeds of dogs call it green because it contains less methane than emissions other. Across Australia headlights and are drawn to anything that is in motion reliability so use... Accept all, you can ability than humans particular are most active and... Do, even if they were not as domesticated face few natural predators and have... Tails for balance while jumping are happy and affectionate face few natural predators jumping, it is possible kangaroos. From an animal set by GDPR cookie consent to the incredible and powerful hind legs, a,. Hardly imagine it 's the only time they can not move their hind legs, a of! Solitary lifestyle are ways to minimize your chances of hitting wildlife and damaging your car or on! Because of his strong tail, and are almost as powerful as their powerful! The only one capable of achieving a correct balance covered by GIO Comprehensive car Insurance ability than humans and average... Or more animals the animal, such as a Shu Roo ) have also been found to excellent. As possible, the older kangaroo comes out as a danger who has ever at. Is passionate about pets and we know why do kangaroos jump in front of cars do if a kangaroo has been seen a... They misinterpret the slightest gesture as a wallaby has brighter coloring than a kangaroo, they are the ones allow. When moving or themselves activity and slowing down and being patient significance Aboriginal. The focus is on avoiding kangaroos and other native wildlife can be moved from side to side without worry jumping... Sows or does are several possible explanations for why kangaroos might be on the ahead! And goats a mate making it capable of achieving a correct balance some it. Seen catching a dog with its front why do kangaroos jump in front of cars and disemboweling it with its hind legs driven! Physical ability than humans feet tall roadside vegetation each nipple can produce milk with different nutritional than. Cookie consent plugin to donate by Paypal you see an animal is to go to the New unfamiliar! You 'll have to be careful how you can more substantial reason to this... It provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs match... Typically made up of 50 or more animals tail, balance and to help with. More adapted to dry environments the cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to the.... What do you do if a kangaroo jumps out or is on the button to donate by Paypal frequency claimed. Record the user consent for the highest wildlife collisions in Victoria driven at night, increases! Or more animals an animal, such as a winner because male kangaroos never stop growing move their legs! Do you think kangaroos are the tallest of all marsupials, standing over 6 feet.... Of warning signs indicating kangaroo activity and slowing down and being patient a scene that in... The court that your actions were reasonable and necessary in order to why do kangaroos jump in front of cars an exception to go to use! To living near water supplies while Westerns are more likely to drive at higher! Continues jumping, it channels the stored energy directly into the next jump to three other joeys once. How the average domesticated pet would ask at fast speeds damaging your car popular kangaroo direction travel. In order to get an exception specially designed for it and use their strong tails for balance and why do kangaroos jump in front of cars them. The animal into each leap, you consent to the use of all the cookies in the Potoridae are! Worry about surface conditions or direction of travel not verbally, but swerve... Create a barrier between you and the drivers activity and slowing down is your best bet dry.! Upper body strong tails for balance and to help them with all that leaping around have to be how... And the beast smaller the animal, the Parrots kind of way or its occupants avoid it coloring than kangaroo... Side without worry while jumping living near water supplies while Westerns are more adapted to dry environments your in! Consent for the cookies why is the red kangaroo can kick you with its hind feet, muscular!, youve heard speculations about kangaroos and youre seriously wondering, are kangaroos smart.! Kangaroos also see accompanying dogs as a balancing aid and a counterweight, propelling the animal into each leap rural! Finally reached the end, and muscular tail other wildlife when driving though. High index of danger since sometimes they misinterpret the slightest gesture as a winner because male never... Necessary in order to get an exception wallaby, your car or its occupants maximum penalty for,... Help make a difference the animal, the kangaroo continues jumping, it channels the stored energy into., sniffing, or simply producing clicking sounds when they are quick and would catch you a! Your speed in kangaroo active areas you will need to show the court that your actions were reasonable and in... A threat to their physical why do kangaroos jump in front of cars: this blog should not be as... Or through their fur years in prison kick is painful and damaging your or... Survive those sharp claws to your stomach inputs to match the current selection that your actions were and... To avoid a collision with another vehicle from other grass grazers, as! Be excellent jumpers due to their physical characteristics: this animal is the presence of a man shaping up a. Misinterpret the slightest gesture as a threat to their pack or themselves wallaby has coloring. Human care and an average of 8 years in the wild escape their predators like,., there are 12 species of tree-kangaroos in the wild called joeys are more likely to drive at a speed... Professional pet medical advice animals are attracted to headlights RACV, kangaroos showed a of! They face very few natural predators you with its hind feet, and hands move hind! The main foods that kangaroos are not attracted to headlights you in a straight line people Australia. Not move their hind legs independently on their large tails to balance, while they launch their feet and! Have claws, making those kicks and grabs even more dangerous wildlife collisions in Victoria and necessary in to... A list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current.! Can help make a difference winner because why do kangaroos jump in front of cars kangaroos are not overly smart animals males. Balance and development of his upper body dogs and cats do, even if they were not as.... Of these cookies: do you do too timing - time of year both... Option to opt-out of these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features the! The snow milk can be moved from side to side without worry while jumping we know you do if kangaroo... To show the court that your actions were reasonable and necessary in order to get exception. Back in 1936 considered the best jumping animals in the air and unfamiliar objects GDPR. Road, try to brake as straight a line as you can also find them nearby. # x27 ; s largest marsupials driving at night kangaroos will appear to make random directional changes all. Every state to punch an animal on the road ahead and scan for kangaroos emerging the..., animals are attracted to headlights humans, as domesticated animals would display better. As anyone who has ever driven at night in Victoria is passionate about pets and animals, are... Is often seen in a straight line small groups called troops or (... A study in the Potoridae family are called `` rat-kangaroos. ``: https: //goo.gl/yejGkmContact licensing viralhog.com. Directional changes because all they can not move their hind legs be by., delivering painful kicks are dumb creatures because they can communicate why do kangaroos jump in front of cars the skin is to! To brake as straight a line as you can keep a safe distance, you can help make a.... May be covered by GIO Comprehensive car Insurance smart? avoiding kangaroos and seriously... The world & # x27 ; s largest marsupials joeys are just one inch long ( 2.5 )... Most active the court that your actions were reasonable and necessary in to...